Ukukhutshwa kwe-anthropogenic methane kunye neempembelelo zabo kutshintsho lwemozulu kule minyaka ilishumi izayo
Ingxelo yoVavanyo lweSithandathu evela kwi Iphaneli yoorhulumente ngokutshintsha kwemozulu (IPCC) igxininisa ngokuzithemba okuphezulu Ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse (GHG) ukusukela ngo-2010 kuphawulwa ngokukhula kwendlela. Ngokukodwa, uqikelelo luka-2019 luchaza icandelo lezolimo kunye neminye imisebenzi yokusetyenziswa komhlaba inoxanduva lwe-22% ye-anthropogenic, okanye i-human-induced, i-global greenhouse emissions (IPCC, 2022). Kulo mxholo, i-carbon dioxide kunye ne-methane ekhutshwayo ichongiwe njengegalelo elibalulekileyo kukufudumala kwehlabathi.
ICarbon dioxide, umzekelo, xa sele ikhutshiwe emoyeni kuqikelelwa ukuba ihlala ixesha elimalunga nama-300 ukuya kwi-1000 leminyaka (Buis, 2019) ngaphambi kokuba imiselwe kwi-biomass okanye ifakwe iminerali elwandle okanye emhlabeni ngeenkqubo zendalo. Ke ngoko, ubomi bekharbhon bezizukulwana ngezizukulwana kwiatmosfera buhlala bukhokelela kutyekelo lweeprojekthi zentshukumo yemozulu ezigxile ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside ngokukodwa. Nangona kunjalo, Imethane ifunyaniswe inama-84-87 okuphinda-phinda ubushushu behlabathi (GWP) kunekharbon diokside kwi-20-year timescale (IPCC, 2022), ngelixa uqikelelo kusetyenziswa i-100-year timescale, eqhele ukwamkelwa yimibutho kwihlabathi jikelele, ibonisa nje umahluko wamaxesha angama-24 phakathi kwe-GWP yemethane kunye nekhabhon diokside.
Ngenxa yoko, izazinzulu zihlala zigxininisa isidingo sokusebenzisa i-cumulative metrics, engasebenzi kwi-timescale, ukumela ngokuchanekileyo impembelelo yezinto ezingcolileyo zemozulu zexesha elifutshane, njenge-methane, kumaqondo okushisa ehlabathi kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo kwaye ngenxa yoko sebenzisa oku kuqonda ukuphuhlisa imigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo ukunciphisa imiphumo emibi yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwixesha elizayo (Allen et al., 2018).
Imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente malunga nokukhutshwa kwemethane
Ngenxa yoqikelelo olothusayo lwegalelo lemethane kwi-30% yokufudumala kwehlabathi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku (IEA, 2022), amalinge ehlabathi jikelele emethane azama ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemethane njengomthombo wamandla acocekileyo kunye nemibutho karhulumente efana no Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) abakhetha ukomeleza imigaqo-nkqubo yabo ngokuchasene nokukhutshwa kwemethane, kunye udibano lwaseyurophu (EU), abaye babeka iinjongo ezinqwenelekayo zokunciphisa i-30% yokukhutshwa kwe-methane yabo ngo-2030. Ngokukodwa, kukho ubungqina obuninzi besayensi kunye nohlalutyo lokuba ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-anthropogenic methane nge-50% kwiminyaka engama-30 ezayo kunokunceda ukugcina umyinge wehlabathi wokunyuka kobushushu obungaphantsi kwe-2 degrees Celsius kwaye ke, igalelo kwiinjongo zemozulu ezimiselwe kwiSivumelwano saseParis. (Mckinsey, 2021; Arndt, 2022)
Izisombululo zokukhutshwa kwe-anthropogenic yemethane kwicandelo lezolimo
Ukukhuthaza ukutshintshelwa kweshishini kuncitshiso lokukhutshwa kwemethane akukho lula njengokuseka izohlwayo zikaRhulumente kwihlabathi liphela ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, kubandakanya iinkxalabo ezinxulumene nokhuseleko lokutya. Kungoko, izisombululo ezininzi ziyaphunyezwa ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemethane kwicandelo lezolimo, ngakumbi kwimfuyo, ekuqikelelwa ukuba iyakuba yi-32% yokukhutshwa kwemethane eyenziwa ngabantu (UNEP, nd). Ezi zisombululo ziquka:
Izongezo zokondla
Okufana negalikhi, i-clove, kunye ne-seaweed, ziye zafunyanwa zinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemethane kwizilwanyana ezondlayo. Ezi zongezo zinokunciphisa ubungakanani bemethane eveliswayo ngexesha lokwetyisa, ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekukhupheni okuphantsi.
Ukutya okungenye
Njengezityalo ze-oyile okanye iimbotyi, zingaphucula umgangatho wokutya kunye nokunciphisa ubungakanani bemethane eveliswa zizilwanyana. Ukutya okunolunye kunokunceda ekunciphiseni ubungakanani bomhlaba ofunekayo edlelweni nokuphucula umgangatho womhlaba.
Ukuzala kunye nemfuzo
Iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zinokusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izilwanyana ezisebenza kakuhle ngakumbi ekucoleni kwazo, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa umthamo wemethane oveliswa ngexesha lokwetyisa.
Ukubanjwa kweMethane kwaye kusetyenziswe kwakhona
Imethane inokufunyanwa kumgquba wemfuyo ize iphinde isetyenziswe njengomthombo wamandla. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-anaerobic digesters, enokuguqula umgquba ube yi-biogas enokusetyenziswa umbane okanye ubushushu.
Ukujongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwemfuyo
Ubuchwephesha obufana nokubekwa kweliso okude kunye neenkqubo zokondla ngobuchule kunye nokunkcenkceshela zinokunceda ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yemfuyo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemethane.
UPhando lweNoveli kubuNjineli beMolekyuli: Amaqhinga athembisayo okuNciphisa ukukhutshwa kweMethane kwimfuyo
Ngaphaya koko, uphando lwenoveli kwicandelo lobunjineli bemolekyuli lunamandla amakhulu okunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemethane ngokulawula iindlela zemetabolism yemfuyo kunye noluntu lwe-microbial kumaphecana abo okugaya. Esinye isisombululo sibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezongezo zokutya ezinqanda umsebenzi we-methanogens, eziyi-microorganisms kwi-rumen yemfuyo evelisa i-methane ngexesha lokugaya. Iziphumo zabona ukuhla okungaguqukiyo kukukhutshwa kwegesi yemethane ukuya kutsho kuma-30% kwiinkomo zobisi kunye ne-90% yeenkomo zenyama kwiimeko zovavanyo (Palangi & Lackner, 2022).
Ukongezelela, ezinye izifundo zihlolisise ukusetyenziswa kweemolekyuli zokuphazamiseka kwe-RNA (uBradford et al., 2017) ukuthintela ukubonakaliswa kweejene ezithile kwi-methanogens, ukuthintela ukuveliswa kweeprotheni ezibandakanyekayo kwimveliso yemethane. Ezinye iindlela ezifanayo zisebenzisa ezaziwayo, kwaye zihlala zingabizi kakhulu isixhobo sokuhlela imfuza ye-CRISPR-CAS9 (Subdei et al., 2022).
Nangona uphando oluthe kratya lufuneka ukuqonda iindlela zebhayoloji ezisisiseko semethanogens, ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko kumlinganiselo omkhulu, kunye neengqwalaselo ezithile zeenqobo ezisesikweni ezibandakanyekayo kulawulo lwemfuza yemfuza, olu phuhliso luchaza ikamva elithembisayo lokuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwemethane kushishino lwezolimo.
Isenzo seMozulu esiBanzi: Ubalo-mali lweMetrikhi ze-GWP kunye noPhuhliso lweZisombululo eziSebenzayo ngeendleko zokuNcitshiswa kweMishini
Nangona kunjalo Green Initiatives' ukugxila ekususeni ikharbon diokside emoyeni, siyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kuzo zonke iinkalo kwaye ngoko, siqwalasela i-Global Warming Potential (GWP) metrics ukuba siphendule iziphumo ezifutshane kunye nexesha elide ze-carbon dioxide, i-methane, kunye ne-nitrous oxide.
Ngaphezu koko, sithatha isenzo semozulu kwinqanaba elilandelayo ngokucebisa abathengi bethu ekuphuhliseni izisombululo ezingabizi kakhulu, ezihambelana nemozulu zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa okuyingozi.
Qhagamshelana nathi ukufunda ngakumbi kwaye ube yinxalenye yeentshatsheli zethu zemozulu.
Eli nqaku libhalwe ngu Marc Tristant, kwiqela leGreen Inititive.
Iingxelo:
Allen, MR, Shine, KP, Fuglestvedt, JS, Millar, RJ, Cain, M., Isakhelo, DJ, & Macey, A. (2018). Isisombululo sokungamelanga kakuhle kwe-CO2-ekhutshwayo ekhutshwayo yongcoliseko lwemozulu yexesha elifutshane phantsi kokunciphisa amabhongo. Npj Imozulu kunye neNzululwazi ye-Atmospheri, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-018-0026-8
Arndt, C., Hristov, AN, Price, WJ, McClelland, SC, Pelaez, AM, Cueva, SF, Oh, J., Dijkstra, J., Bannink, A., Bayat, AR, Crompton, LA, Eugène, M., Enahoro, DK, Kebreab, Martin, M., M., K. Newbold, CJ, Reynolds, CK, . . . Yu, Z. (2022). Ukwamkelwa ngokupheleleyo kwezona zicwangciso zisebenzayo zokuthomalalisa ukukhutshwa kwemethane ngabatyali bezilwanyana ezetyisayo kunokunceda ukuhlangabezana ne-1.5 °C ekujoliswe kuyo ngo-2030 kodwa hayi ngowama-2050. Iinkqubo ze-National Academy of Science ze-United States of America, 119(20). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111294119
Bradford, BJ, Cooper, CA, Tizard, M., Doran, TJ, & Hinton, TM (2017). Itekhnoloji esekwe kuphazamiseko lwe-RNA: yeyiphi indima kwezolimo lwezilwanyana? Inzululwazi yeMveliso yeZilwanyana, 57(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1071/an15437
Buis, A. (2019, Okthobha 9). I-Atmosphere: Ukufumana iHandle kwiCarbon Dioxide. NASA. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2915/the-atmosphere-getting-a-handle-on-carbon-dioxide/#:~:text=Carbon%20dioxide%20is%20a%20different,timescale%20of%20many%20human%20lives.
IEA (2022), Global Methane Tracker 2022, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2022
IPCC: Ingxelo yeSithandathu yoVavanyo kwiiMpembelelo zokuTshintsha kweMozulu. (2022). Uphononongo lwaBemi kunye noPhuhliso, 48(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12497
UMcKinsey: Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemethane: Indlela amashishini amahlanu anokumelana ngayo nesoyikiso esikhulu semozulu. (2021). McKinsey. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/curbing-methane-emissions-how-five-industries-can-counter-a-major-climate-threat
Palangi, V., & Lackner, M. (2022). Ulawulo lwe-Enteric Methane Emissions kwi-Ruminants Ukusebenzisa izongezo zesondlo: Uphononongo. izilwanyana, 12(24), 3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12243452
Subedi, U., Kader, K., Jayawardhane, KN, Poudel, HP, Chen, G., Acharya, S., Camargo, LSA, Bittencourt, D., & Singer, SD (2022). Amandla eNdlela eziSekwe kuLuhlu lweGene kwiFoages kunye neRumen Archaea yokuNcitshiswa kokuKhutshwa kweMethane yemfuyo. ulimo, 12(11), 1780. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111780
Inkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. (nd). Ukukhutshwa kwemethane kukuqhuba utshintsho lwemozulu. Nantsi indlela yokunciphisa. UNEP. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/methane-emissions-are-driving-climate-change-heres-how-reduce-them
