4 June 2025

Masango eSouth neCentral America ari pakati pezvakasiyana-siyana uye zvakakosha zveecosystem papasi. Kubva kusango guru reAmazon rinotora nyika pfumbamwe uye rine chikamu chinosvika gumi kubva muzana chezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvepasi rose, kusvika kumasango ane makore eCentral America anoshanda semikoto yakakosha yezvipenyu pakati peNorth neSouth America, zvipenyu izvi zvine hupfumi hunoshamisa [10]. Nharaunda yeNeotropical ine chikamu chinodarika makumi mashanu kubva muzana chemarudzi ezvirimwa zvevascular uye makumi matatu nenhanhatu kubva pamazana mazana maviri anozivikanwa pasi rose ane biodiversity hotspots, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo yepamusoro yekuchengetedzwa kwepasirese [50]. Peru neCosta Rica: Pfuma Yakasikwa Panjodzi Mumamiriro ezvinhu edunhu iri, masango ePeru anomiririra imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha kwazvo dzepasi, dzinogara 13% yeAmazon uye inosanganisira 57% yenharaunda yenyika ine anopfuura mamirioni makumi manomwe nematatu mahekita esango [73]. Aya ecosystems haangochengeteri zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana-ane marudzi anopfuura 25,000 emiti uye 3,000 vertebrate marudzi-asi anoitawo basa rinokosha mukugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze epasi rose, kuchengetedza matani anosvika mabhiriyoni gumi ecarbon [10]. Costa Rica, ichingogara 0.03% chete yePasi, inogara 4% yezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepasi, ine marudzi anopfuura mazana mashanu ezviuru akanyorwa [500,000]. Masango ayo-anosanganisira masango anogara achinaya mvura uye masango emakomo-anovhara angangoita 54% yedunhu renyika uye anosanganisira imwe yenzvimbo dzakabudirira dzakachengetedzwa muLatin America. Iyo Osa Peninsula, kunyanya, yakacherechedzwa neNational Geographic se "nzvimbo ine biologically yakanyanya paPasi," inotarisa 2.5% yezvisikwa zvepasi rose mu700 km² [6]. Zvisinei, pfuma iyi yakasikwa yakatarisana nekuwedzera, kutyisidzira kwakanyorwa nesayenzi. Zvinoenderana nePeru's National Forest Conservation Programme, nyika yakarasikirwa ne1.8 miriyoni mahekita esango pakati pa2001 na2020, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekurima kunotama-tama, kurima zvipfuyo zvakanyanya, uye migodhi isiri pamutemo [7]. Kutemwa kwemasango uku hakungomiriri kurasikirwa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana kusingadzoreki chete asiwo kunobatsira zvakanyanya mukuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse, zvichitora chikamu chinosvika makumi mana nenomwe muzana chehutsi huzere hwenyika [47]. Saizvozvo, kunyangwe yakabudirira marongero ekuchengetedza, Costa Rica yakarasikirwa ne24,000 mahekita emasango akavharwa pakati pa2010 na2020, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekurima kwemaindasitiri, kusimudzira maguta, uye kushanya kusingagoneki [9]. Kunyange zvazvo kuri kudiki, kutemwa kwemasango uku kunonyanya kukonzerwa nekuwanda kwezvipenyu zvisingaperi munzvimbo diki, uko kurasikirwa kwehekita imwe chete kunogona kureva kutsakatika kwemarudzi akawanda. Ecological Restoration: Zvinopfuura Kudyara Miti Nekuda kweichi chokwadi, kudzoreredza ecological kwabuda senzira yesainzi inonzwisisika inodarika kungosima miti. Tsvagiridzo yepasirese yakaratidza kuti mapurojekiti akabudirira ekudzorera ndeaya anosanganisira zvipenyu zvakagadziridzwa munharaunda, funga nezvekubatana kwenzvimbo, uye kubatanidza ruzivo rwechinyakare kubva munharaunda [10]. Kubudirira kudzoreredza ecological kunoda systemic maitiro anofunga akawanda akabatana zvinhu. Haisi yekungodzoreredza chivharo chechirimwa, asi kudzoreredza ecology maitiro anochengetedza ecosystem kushanda: kutenderera kwezvikafu, cheni dzechikafu, mukume, nekuparadzira mbeu [11]. Kusarudzwa kwezvipenyu kunofanirwa kuenderana nemaitiro esainzi, kusanganisira kuchinjika kwemamiriro ekunze, kugona kuvandudza ivhu, kukosha kumhuka dzeko, uye kukosha kwetsika kunharaunda dzeIndigenous nemunharaunda. MuPeru, nzira iyi inonyanya kukosha. Zvidzidzo muPeruvia Amazon zvakawana kuti minda ine marudzi akasiyana-siyana emarudzi anoratidza mararamiro ehupenyu pamusoro pe85% mushure memakore mashanu-zvichienzaniswa ne40-60% ye monocultures nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana [12]. Iyi minda inobatsirawo zvakanyanya mukupora kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, kurekodha kudzoka kwe60-80% yemarudzi eshiri uye 50-70% yemarudzi emhuka mukati me10-15 makore [13].Forest FriendsForest Friends, mumwe Green Initiative purogiramu, yakagadzira nzira yakakwana yekudzoreredza ecosystem. Inodyara masango nemhando dzakasiyana dzemiti yemuno munzvimbo dzakakosha sePeru's Tambopata National Reserve neCosta Rica's Osa Peninsula — ose akaiswa seBiodiversity Hotspots neCritical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF). Aya mahotspots anofanirwa kubata angangoita 1,500 endemic vascular plant marudzi uye akarasikirwa neinenge 70% yezvinomera zvawo zvekutanga, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha pakuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye kudzoreredza ecological [14]. MuMadre de Dios, Peru, dunhu rakarasikirwa nemahekita anopfuura 200,000 esango zvakanyanya nekuda kwekucherwa kwegoridhe zvisiri pamutemo. Forest Friends yakaratidza mhedzisiro inoyerwa nemaitiro ekudzoreredza achiisa pamberi pezvipenyu zvakagadziridzwa munharaunda. Kudyidzana nemasangano akaita seKuoda Kufamba kwakagonesa kuvandudzwa kweiyo nyowani yekuvandudza yekushanya modhi inobatanidza zvakananga kugadzirisa kabhoni nemapurojekiti ekudzoreredza emunharaunda. Mufambi wega wega haangogadzirise kuburitsa kwavo chete asi anobatsira mukudyara kwemiti yekuzvarwa yakanyatsosarudzwa kuti iwedzere kutorwa kwekabhoni uye kudzoreredzwa kwezvipenyu. Zvichienderana, muCosta Rica's Osa Peninsula, masangano akaita seSwetours neTulu Travel anoshandisa mhando dzezvitupa dzinobatanidza kushanya kwakasimba nekudzoreredza ecosystem, ukuwo CEPA - Customized Educational Programs Abroad yakaita modhi yehunyanzvi inobatanidza dzidzo yepasirese nekuchengetedza. Vanopa zvitupa zvekudzosera kosi yega yega yeyunivhesiti inounzwa uye vanodyara miti zvichienderana nehuwandu hwevadzidzi vakanyoresa. Aya mabhinairi modhi anopa zvidzidzo zvakakosha pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kwebazi rakazvimirira mukuchengetedza. Kudyidzana nevadyidzani vemunharaunda vakadai seInkaterra kuPeru neFundación Saimiri kuCosta Rica—kunova nechokwadi chemhando yetekinoroji uye kukanganiswa kwemamiriro ekunze kwezviito zvekudzorera. Kuongorora kweSainzi: Kiyi yeKubudirira Kwenguva Yakareba Chinhu chakakosha-asi kazhinji chisingatarisirwi-chikamu chezvirongwa zvekudzorera chiri kuenderera mberi nekuongorora kwesainzi. Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti budiriro yenguva refu yekudzoreredza ecological inoenderana zvakananga nekugona kurongeka uye kugadzirisa nzira dzakaitwa [15]. Kunyatsotarisa kunofanirwa kuongorora zviratidzo zvakawanda zvezvakatipoteredza: kupona kwemuti uye kukura, kugadziriswa kwevhu rekugadzirisa, kuberekwa patsva kwemarudzi echisikigo, kudzoka kwemhuka dzesango uye invertebrate, uye kushanda kwemaitiro ezvisikwa zvakadai sekumesa uye kupararira kwembeu [16]. MuMadre de Dios, Ucayali, neSan Martín, mapuroteni ekutarisa anosanganisa matekinoroji ekunzwa-kusanganisira yakakwirira-resolution setiraiti mifananidzo uye drones-ine inobatanidzwa yekuongorora yeminda inosanganisira nharaunda dzenzvimbo. Iyi nzira yakanyora kuti nzvimbo dzakadzorerwa dzinoratidza avhareji ye40% kuwedzera kwebiomass uye 65% kupora mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana mushure memakore mashanu [17]. Kutora chikamu kwenharaunda mukutarisisa hakungoderedzi mari dzekushanda chete asiwo kunosimbisa hunyanzvi hwenzvimbo uye kunovimbisa kuenderera kweprojekiti kwenguva refu. Nharaunda dzakadzidziswa nzira dzekutarisa dzinova vachengeti vanoshingaira